What is dual sovereignty and its relevance to state vs federal charges?

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Dual sovereignty means that the United States has two independent sources of power: the states and the federal government. Each has its own constitution and laws, so they can prosecute the same conduct under their own statutes without running afoul of the Double Jeopardy Clause. That’s why the same act can lead to both a state charge and a federal charge—the prosecutions come from different sovereigns. If a person commits conduct that violates both state and federal law, there can be separate prosecutions in both venues. It doesn’t depend on where the case is tried or on one level having exclusive authority. The other statements would misstate how jurisdiction works, since they imply a single authority or a requirement to prosecute only in state court.